Kava-Kava
Other Names: Awa, Kava, Kawa, Kew, Piper methysticum, Tonga, Yagona
References
Abraham KC, Connor KM, Davidson JR. Explanatory attributions of anxiety and recovery in a study of kava. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2004;10(3):556-559.
Anke J, Ramzan I. Kava Hepatotoxicity: Are we any closer to the truth? Planta Medica. 2004;70(3):193-196.
Anke J, Ramzan I. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with Kava (Piper methysticum Forst. f.). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004;93(2-3):153-160.
Anon: Kava. In: DerMarderosian A, Beutler JA, eds. Facts and Comparisons: The Review of Natural Products. St. Louis, MO, Facts and Comparisons. December 1999.
Anon. Hepatic toxicity possibly associated with kava-containing products-United States, Germany, Switzerland, 1999-2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2002;51(47):1065-1067.
Baum SS, Hill R, Rommelspacher H. Effect of kava extract and individual kavapyrones on neurotransmitter levels in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology, Biology, and Psychiatry. 1998;22(7):1105-1120.
Bilia AR, Gallori S, Vincieri FF. Kava-kava and anxiety: growing knowledge about the efficacy and safety. Life Sciences. 2002;70(22):2581-2597.
Block KI, Gyllenhaal C, Mead MN. Safety and efficacy of herbal sedatives in cancer care. Integrated Cancer Therapy. 2004;3(2):128-148.
Boerner RJ, Sommer H, Berger W, Kuhn U, Schmidt U, Mannel M. Kava-Kava extract LI 150 is as effective as opipramol and buspirone in generalised [sic] anxiety disorder--an 8-week randomized, double-blind multi-centre clinical trial in 129 out-patients. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(Suppl 4):38-49.
Blumenthal M. German government reconsiders kava. HerbalGram. American Botanical Council. Available at: http://www.herbalgram.org/default.asp?c=kava_overturn. Accessed October 19, 2006.
Bressler R. Herb-drug interactions: interactions between kava and prescription medications. Geriatrics. 2005;60(9):24-25.
Brown AC, Onopa J, Holck P, et al. Traditional kava beverage consumption and liver function tests in a predominantly Tongan population in Hawaii. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia). 2007;45(5):549-556.
Cairney S, Maruff P, Clough AR. The neurobehavioural effects of kava. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;36(5):657-662.
Cairney S, Maruff P, Clough AR, Collie A, Currie J, Currie BJ. Saccade and cognitive impairment associated with kava intoxication. Human Psychopharmacology. 2003;18(7):525-533.
Cauffield JS, Forbes HJ. Dietary supplements used in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Lippincotts Primary Care Practice. 1999;3(3):290-304.
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Consumer advisory. Kava-containing dietary supplements may be associated with severe liver injury. March 25, 2002.
Clouatre DL. Kava kava: examining new reports of toxicity. Toxicology Letter. 2004;150(1):85-96.
Clough AR, Rowley K, O'Dea K. Kava use, dyslipidaemia [sic] and biomarkers of dietary quality in Aboriginal people in Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004;58(7):1090-1093.
Committee on Safety of Medicines. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Kava-kava and hepatotoxicity. Current Problems in Pharmacovigilance. 2003;29:8. Available at: http://www.medicines.mhra.gov.uk/ourwork/monitorsafequalmed/currentproblems/cpsept2003.pdf. Accessed September 29, 2003.
Connor KM, Payne V, Davidson JR. Kava in generalized anxiety disorder: three placebo-controlled trials. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2006;21(5):249-253.
Dasgupta A, Bernard DW. Herbal remedies: effects on clinical laboratory tests. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 2006;130(4):521-528.
Davies LP, Drew CA, Duffield P, Johnston GA, Jamieson DD. Kava pyrones and resin: studies on GABA-A, GABA-B, and benzodiazepine binding sites in rodent brain. Pharmacology and Toxicology. 1992;71(2):120-126.
Denham A, McIntyre M, Whitehouse J. Kava--the unfolding story: report on a work-in-progress. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2002;8(3):237-263.
Dharmananda S. Safety issues affecting herbs: the case of kava. Institute for Traditional Medicine. April 2002. Available at: http://www.itmonline.org/arts/kavasafe.htm. Accessed November 13, 2007.
Donaldson J. UK upholds kava ban. InsightJournal. August 6, 2006. Available at: http://www.anxiety-and-depression-solutions.com/articles/news/080906_kava.php Accessed November 13, 2007.
Ernst E. Herbal remedies for anxiety - a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(3):205-208.
Ernst E. Kava update: a European perspective. Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association, 2004;117(1205):1143-1146.
Ernst E. The risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: ginkgo, St. John's wort, ginseng, echinacea, saw palmetto, and kava. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002;136(1):42-53.
Folmer F, Blasius R, Morceau F, et al. Inhibition of TNFalpha-induced activation of nuclear factor kappaB by kava (Piper methysticum) derivatives. Biochemistry and Pharmacology. 2006;71(8):1206-1218.
Foster S. Kava. Piper methysticum. 2000. Available at: http://www.stevenfoster.com/education/monograph/kava.html. Accessed December 8, 2003.
Garner LF, Klinger JD. Some visual effects caused by the beverage kava. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1985;13(3):307-311.
Geier FP, Konstantinowicz T. Kava treatment in patients with anxiety. Phytotherapy Research. 2004;18(4):297-300.
Geller SE, Studee L. Botanical and dietary supplements for mood and anxiety in menopausal women. Menopause. 2007;14(3 Pt 1):541-549.
Gleitz J, Beile A, Wilkens P, Ameri A, Peters T. Antithrombotic action of the kava pyrone (+)-kavain prepared from Piper methysticum on human platelets. Planta Medica. 1997;63(1):27-30.
Government of Samoa. Department of Trade, Commerce and Industry.
Trade and Investment Promotion Unit. Investing in the agriculture sector In Samoa. Project report: kava. 1998. Available at: http://www.sptc.gov.au/ausint/pdf/sm_kava-production.pdf. Accessed December 8, 2003.
Gow PJ, Connelly NJ, Hill RL, Crowley P, Angus PW. Fatal fulminant hepatic failure induced by a natural therapy containing kava. Medical Journal of Australia. 2003;178(9):442-443.
Gruenwald J, Mueller C, Skrabal J. Kava report 2003. In-depth investigation into EU member states market restrictions on kava products. March 2003. Brussels, Belgium. Center for the Development of Enterprise. Available at: http://www.analyze-realize.com/Papers/KavaReport2003.pdf. Accessed December 8, 2003.
Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. In vivo effects of goldenseal, kava kava, black cohosh, and valerian on human cytochrome P450 1A2, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4/5 phenotypes. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2005;77(5):415-426.
Gurley BJ, Swain A, Barone GW, et al. Effect of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) and kava kava (Piper methysticum) supplementation on digoxin pharmacokinetics in humans. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2007;35(2):240-245.
Gyllenhaal C, Merritt SL, Peterson SD, Block KI, Gochenour T. Efficacy and safety of herbal stimulants and sedatives in sleep disorders. Sleep Medicine Review. 2000;4(3):229-251.
Health Canada. Health Canada issues a stop-sale order for all products containing kava. Health Canada Advisory. August 21, 2002. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/protection/warnings/2002/2002_56e.htm. Accessed September 8, 2004.
Health Canada. Health Canada reminds Canadians not to use products containing kava. Health Canada Advisory. December 23, 2003. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/protection/warnings/2003/2003_103.htm. Accessed September 8, 2004.
Heinze HJ, Munthe TF, Steitz J, Matzke M. Pharmacopsychological effects of oxazepam and kava-extract in a visual search paradigm assessed with event-related potentials. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1994;27(6):224-230.
Humberston CL, Akhtar J, Krenzelok EP. Acute hepatitis induced by kava kava. Journal of Toxicology and Clinical Toxicology. 2003;41(2):109-113.
Huntley AL, Ernst E. A systematic review of herbal medicinal products for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Menopause. 2003;10(5):465-476.
Izzo AA, Ernst E. Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: a systematic review. Drugs. 2001;61(15):2163-2175.
Jacobs BP, Bent S, Tice JA, Blackwell T, Cummings SR. An internet-based randomized, placebo-controlled trial of kava and valerian for anxiety and insomnia. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84(4):197-207.
Jellin JM, Gregory P, Batz F, Hitchens K, et al, eds. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 3rd Edition. Stockton CA: Therapeutic Research Facility, 2000.
Jhoo JW, Freeman JP, Heinze TM, et al. In vitro cytotoxicity of nonpolar constituents from different parts of kava plant (Piper methysticum). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2006;54(8):3157-3162.
Jussofie A, Schmiz A, Hiemke C. Kavapyrone [sic] enriched extract from Piper methysticum as modulator of the GABA binding site in different regions of rat brain. Psychopharmacology. 1994;116(4):469-474.
Lehrl S. Clinical efficacy of kava extract WS 1490 in sleep disturbances associated with anxiety disorders. Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2004;78(2):101-110.
Loew D, Franz G. Quality aspects of traditional and industrial Kava-extracts.
Phytomedicine. 2003;10(6-7):610-612.
Malsch U, Kieser M. Efficacy of kava-kava in the treatment of non-psychotic anxiety, following pretreatment with benzodiazepines. Psychopharmacology. (Berlin) 2001;157(3):277-283.
Mathews JD, Riley MD, Fejo L, et al. Effects of heavy usage of kava on physical health: Summary of a pilot survey in an aboriginal community. Medical Journal of Australia. 1988;148(11):548-555.
Mathews JM, Etheridge AS, Black SR. Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 activities by kava extract and kavalactones. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2002;30(11):1153-1157.
Mathews JM, Etheridge AS, Valentine JL, et al. Pharmacokinetics and disposition of the kavalactone kawain: interaction with kava extract and kavalactones in vivo and in vitro. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2005;33(10):1555-1563.
Mayell M. Methods of preparation, kava root. In: Natural Energy: A Consumer's Guide to Legal, Mind-altering, and Mood-brightening Herbs and Supplements. New York: Three Rivers Press. 1998.
McAvoy A. Island elixir kava is making a comeback. Ventura County Star. October 15, 2006.
Meijerman I, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH. Herb-drug interactions in oncology: focus on mechanisms of induction. Oncologist. 2006;11(7):742-752.
Meseguer E, Taboada R, Sanchez V, Mena MA, Campos V, Garcia De Yebenes J. Life-threatening parkinsonism induced by kava-kava. Movement Disorders. 2002;17(1):195-196.
Mills E, Singh R, Ross C, Ernst E, Ray JG. Sale of kava extract in some health food stores. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2003;169(11):1158-1159.
Moulds RF, Malani J. Kava: herbal panacea or liver poison? Medical Journal of Australia. 2003;178(9):451-453.
Munte TF, Heinze HJ, Matzke M, Steitz J. Effects of oxazepam and an extract of kava roots (Piper methysticum) on event-related potentials in a word recognition task. Neuropsychobiology. 1993;27(1):46-53.
Musch E, Chrissafidou A, Malek M. Acute hepatitis due to kava-kava and St John's Wort: an immune-mediated mechanism? [Article in German] Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 2006;131(21):1214-1217.
Norton SA, Ruze P. Kava dermopathy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994;31(1):89-97.
Osborne T. Pacific kava. A producer's guide. 2001. Suva, Fiji. Secretariat of the Pacific Community.
Peirce A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines. New York: The Stonesong Press, 1999.
Pittler MH, Ernst E. Kava extract for treating anxiety. Cochrane Database Systemic Review. 2003;(1):CD003383.
Pittler MH, Ernst E. Efficacy of kava extract for treating anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000;20(1):84-89.
Pollock NJ. Sustainability of kava trade. Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand. November 19, 2000. Available at: http://www.devnet.org.nz/conf/Papers/pollock.pdf. Accessed December 8, 2003.
Russmann S, Barguil Y, Cabalion P, Kritsanida M, Duhet D, Lauterburg BH. Hepatic injury due to traditional aqueous extracts of kava root in New Caledonia. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003;15(9):1033-1036.
Ruze P. Kava-induced dermopathy: a niacin deficiency? Lancet 1990;335(8703):1442-1445.
Saeed SA, Bloch RM, Antonacci DJ. Herbal and dietary supplements for treatment of anxiety disorders. American Family Physician. 2007;76(4):549-556.
Sarris J. Herbal medicines in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Phytotherapy Research. 2007;21(8):703-716.
Schulze J, Raasch W, Siegers CP. Toxicity of kava pyrones, drug safety and precautions--a case study. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(Suppl 4):68-73.
Seitz U, Schule A, Gleitz J. [3H]-monoamine uptake inhibition properties of kava pyrones. Planta Medica. 1997;63(6):548-549.
Singh YN. Effects of kava on neuromuscular transmission and muscle contractility. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1983;7(3):267-276.
Singh YN. Kava: an overview. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1992;37(1):13-45.
Singh YN. Potential for interaction of kava and St. John's wort with drugs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005;100(1-2):108-113.
Sorrentino L, Capasso A, Schmidt M. Safety of ethanolic kava extract: Results of a study of chronic toxicity in rats. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(8):542-549.
Sparreboom A, Cox MC, Acharya MR, Figg WD. Herbal remedies in the United States: potential adverse interactions with anticancer agents. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2004;22(12):2489-2503.
Spinella M. Herbal Medicines and Epilepsy: The Potential for Benefit and Adverse Effects. Epilepsy and Behavior. 2001;2(6):524-532.
Steiner GG. The correlation between cancer incidence and kava consumption. Hawaii Medical Journal. 2000;59(11):420-422.
Stickel F, Baumuller HM, Seitz K, et al. Hepatitis induced by Kava (Piper methysticum rhizoma). Journal of Hepatology. 2003;39(1):62-67.
Stickel F, Schuppan D. Herbal medicine in the treatment of liver diseases. Digestive and Liver Diseases. 2007;39(4):293-304.
Teschke R, Gaus W, Loew D. Kava extracts: safety and risks including rare hepatotoxicity. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(5):440-446.
Thompson R, Ruch W, Hasenohrl RU. Enhanced cognitive performance and cheerful mood by standardized extracts of Piper methysticum (Kava-kava). Human Psychopharmacology. 2004;19(4):243-250.
Ulbricht C, Basch E, Boon H, et al. Safety review of kava (Piper methysticum) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 2005;4(4):779-794.
Unger M, Holzgrabe U, Jacobsen W, Cummins C, Benet LZ. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 by extracts and kavalactones [sic] of Piper methysticum (Kava-Kava). Planta Medica. 2002;68(12):1055-1058.
Volz HP, Kieser M. Kava-kava extract WS 1490 versus placebo in anxiety disorders--a randomized placebo-controlled 25-week outpatient trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997;30(1):1-5.
Warren BS, Devine CM. Herbal Medicines and breast cancer risk. Fact Sheet #53. Cornell University Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors. Revised November 2004. Available at: http://envirocancer.cornell.edu/factsheet/diet/fs53/herbal.pdf. Accessed July 14, 2005.
Weiss J, Sauer A, Frank A, Unger M. Extracts and kavalactones of Piper methysticum G. Forst (kava-kava) inhibit P-glycoprotein in vitro. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2005;33(11):1580-1583.
Werneke U, Earl J, Seydel C, Horn O, Crichton P, Fannon D. Potential health risks of complementary alternative medicines in cancer patients. British Journal of Cancer. 2004;90(2):408-413.
Whitton PA, Lau A, Salisbury A, Whitehouse J, Evans CS. Kava lactones and the kava-kava controversy. Phytochemistry. 2003;64(3):673-679.
Witte S, Loew D, Gaus W. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of the acetonic kava-kava extract WS1490 in patients with non-psychotic anxiety disorders. Phytotherapy Research. 2005;19(3):183-188.
World Health Organization. WHO to investigate kava ban. [Press release] December 3, 2003.
World Wildlife Fund. Piper methysticum. No date given. Available at: http://www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/pmethysticum.pdf. Accessed December 8, 2003.
Wu D, Yu L, Nair MG, DeWitt DL, Ramsewak RS. Cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitory compounds with antioxidant activities from Piper methysticum (kava kava) roots. Phytomedicine. 2002;9(1):41-47.
Zi X, Simoneau AR. Flavokawain A, a novel chalcone from kava extract, induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cells by involvement of Bax protein-dependent and mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway and suppresses tumor growth in mice. Cancer Research. 2005;65(8):3479-3486.
Zou L, Harkey MR, Henderson GL, Dike LE. Kava does not display metabolic toxicity in a homogeneous cellular assay. Planta Medica. 2004;70(4):289-292.
Last Revised October 12, 2007
|